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Explain clearly why iron filings line up in a magnetic field. Would copper filing be equally satisfactory? Why?

Explain clearly why iron filings line up in a magnetic field. Would copper filing be equally satisfactory? Why is it desirable to tap the glass plate? Why is it desirable to use very few filings?

Iron molecules have a magnetic dipole moment. The metal has crystals in which the dipole moments are aligned. This makes each crystal a little magnet and it turns in the applied field.

Copper molecules do not have such a strong dipole moment but the real reason is that the way copper atoms sit in their crystals does not cause their dipole moments to add up. It is not well understood, really. Probably what is happening is that while the crystals are forming the atoms are guided into place in part by their dipole moments and alternating atoms invert with regard to each other in most metals but the orbital structure of the electrons in iron forces the atoms into a unique and aligned orientation. Iron resists the movement of electrons more, i.e. copper is a better conductor, and this must be a factor as well in the comparative magnetic properties.

Tapping the glass plate launches the filings up into the air a little where they can turn freely. While sitting in a pile together they have trouble moving because they get in each other's way.

The filings are all little magnets and they cling to each other thereby influencing each other's orientation. If you wish them to all align to the field then the less interference they are getting from each other the better.

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